Tubs of hummus – cooked, mashed chickpeas mixed with garlic, olive oil and lemon – fill refrigerators all over the globe, but where can the best be found? One contender for the gold medal is Israel, where, despite political differences, locals have embraced this Arabic dish as their own.
Although the origin of hummus (which simply means 'chickpea' in Arabic), is unclear, people have been consuming this thick savoury paste for millennia in the Middle East. Medieval recipe books show it was eaten in Egypt and the Levant (Palestine, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon) before spreading to Turkey, Greece and across the Mediterranean.
Since then, it has become the basis of an entire food culture in Israel. The most popular version of hummus in Israel is served warm in a large bowl, sprinkled with parsley, cumin and other spices. It has the consistency of a very thick soup and is scooped up with hot pita bread, raw onion and pickled cucumbers. In Palestinian areas, hummus is usually served at breakfast, sometimes accompanied with labneh (cold yoghurt) and fresh mint leaves. Indeed, many of the Arab hummus eateries are only open until 2pm each day, following the traditional Arabic saying that 'kings eat hummus in the morning', referring to the tradition of cooking a pot of chickpeas overnight and savouring the freshest portion at dawn.
Israel originally adopted hummus as its unofficial national dish because it suited Jewish kashrut laws -- religious rules that deal with eating and food preparation. Religious Jews buy only kosher-certified products, and they separate their meat and dairy foods. Since hummus complements vegetarian, dairy and meat dishes, it became a popular choice, and over time, has become much more than just a dip.
The humble dish of hummus represents, quite literally, the melting pot of Israeli culture. In the last century, Jewish immigrants from countries such as Iraq, Yemen and Morocco each brought with them their own unique hummus habits. For example, Iraqis serve hummus with sabich (fried eggplant and boiled eggs) while Moroccans prefer hasa al hummus, a vegetarian chickpea soup.
In more recent decades, Israel has received a growing number of African immigrants and today there is even a Sudanese hummus joint in Tel Aviv called Hummus Gan Eden (46 Yona Ha’Navi Street; 972-03-510-2230). Their African-flavoured menu features Special Hummus Darfur, which adds egg, tomato and grated cheese to the mix.
To find an authentic family-run hummusia (an eatery devoted solely to hummus) in Israel you need to be in the know. Most traditional hummus places are housed in old buildings, often hidden down alleyways and with signs only in Hebrew or Arabic. It seems the really good places do not need to advertise, as word-of-mouth reviews bring in the crowds.
A good place to start your hummus hunt is in Tel Aviv’s Yemenite Quarter. This sleepy old-fashioned neighbourhood in the centre of town, footsteps away from the bustling Carmel Market, was originally inhabited by Jewish immigrants from Yemen. Its narrow lanes play host to a number of hummus and soup kitchens such as Achim Aziri (30 Yihye Street, 972-03-516-0783), which serves hummus hot with skhug (a traditional Yemenite-style spicy sauce made from red or green peppers).
For a slice of Jamaica, head to one of the liveliest little eateries in town, Hummus Abu Dhabi (81 King George Street; 972-03-525-9090). Reggae music is popular with young Israelis, so it makes sense that this place mixes the sounds of Bob Marley with its chickpea offerings.
A few kilometres south of Tel Aviv, in the Ajami neighbourhood of Jaffa, is one of the holiest temples of hummus. The much-revered Ali Caravan, also known as 'Abu Hassan', has been a place of pilgrimage since opening in 1966. Everyday, queues of people wait patiently, and impatiently, for warm plates of masabacha – a type of hummus that is recognisable by its red colour, thanks to the added paprika. Abu Hassan, the owner and the local master of masabacha, is so popular that a few imitation Abu Hassans have opened elsewhere in the country.
Jerusalem also has its fair share of heavenly hummus. Lina is a tiny restaurant located in the Old City's Christian Quarter and specialises in delicious no-frills hummus. But locals say Abu Shukri has the best hummus in the Holy City. Its thick and creamy dip is so loved that Jordanians order giant frozen tubs of it from across the border.
Around 10km west of Jerusalem, the town of Abu Ghosh has been dubbed the 'Capital of Hummus' by the Guinness Book of Records, once holding the world record for the largest dish of hummus, which weighed more than four tons, before it was beaten by a town in Lebanon which cooked up 11 tons in 2010. Although predominantly a Muslim town, Abu Ghosh welcomes Jews and Christians, who come to see the Church of Notre Dame -- said to be built on the site where the Ark of the Covenant once rested. No visit here is complete without also going to Abu Ghosh Retaurant (65 HaShalom St; 972-02-533-2019), which has been featured in the New York Times and specialises in barbecued kebabs and sliced shawarma meat along with its excellent hummus.
Heading north, the port city of Akko has nearly 30 hummus places, but the most famous is undoubtedly Hummus Said (Old City; 972-04-955-2232), pronounced 'Sayeed'. Just a short walk from the sea, Said has a breezy Mediterranean feel offering Greek-style salads with their hummus drenched in olive oil, which is made from the owner's own olive press.
On the outskirts of Akko, the small village of Kfar Yasif is home to Abu Adham (Highway Route 70; 972-04-9996245). One of the most popular hummusiot in the country, Israelis have been known to travel hours just to try their famous hummus with fuul – a thick paste made from fava beans.
But all this is just a drop in the hummus ocean. Across the northern Galilee region there are dozens of Arab and Druze villages, each offering their own homemade variety. The Druze, an Arab religious tribe separate from Islam, bake uniquely thin pita bread and serve hummus with zaatar (hyssop herb), a shrub that grows locally in the Carmel Mountains on the outskirts of Haifa in northern Israel.
Like pasta in Italy, each community adds its own unique flavour to the world of hummus. “While the media often focuses on division in this region, when it comes to delicious food like hummus, the people of the region are quite united,” said Baum. “The only division between Muslims, Jews and Christians is, who is ordering the masbacha and who is ordering the fuul.” In an often-troubled region, it seems the love of hummus is a great unifier.
